Best use of vacation Essay

A vacation begins at the end of examination .Students breath a sigh of relief as a heavy burden has been unloaded .They pine for some change from the drudgery of their daily routine. During the vacation, some students visit historically important places. Some, who are away from their parents gladly go home .Others may spend (or waste?) the vacation in entertainment. It is, then evident that a vacation can be utilized in a variety of ways. A vacation is not for pleasure. It is for both pleasure and profit. The best use of vacation lies in undertaking some creative or constructive work. Many avenues are open today for creative and constructive work .Student can learn the art of making dolls and toys. They can join some short-term course in TV repairing, electrical wiring. Some students can enroll themselves as member of a library and increase their knowledge. The government of India, through the government of Maharashtra, has introduced N.S.S. (National Service Scheme) this Scheme expe cts student to undertake social service in adjacent areas. The government expects the student to educate the masses with regard to pollution and superstition, literacy and cleanliness. Most of the Indians live in villages. Even after fifty years of freedom, we could not improve the villages and the villagers to the desired extent. It would be the best use of vacation if the students visited a nearby village with the intention of reformation. The sanitary condition in a village is far from satisfactory. Open drains containing stagnant water are found everywhere .Roads are not in a proper shape, the source of drinking-water is insect-affected .The menace of mosquitoes is perpetual .The villagers live under the most unhygienic conditions. To crown the disaster, as it were, facilities for education and medicine are conspicuous by their absence .How the villagers manage to live in such adverse atmosphere is a matter of wonder. One need not be a doctor or an engineer to transform the shape of villages. No age or sex, qualification or status is pre scribed for a social worker. Students should impress on the villagers the importance of cleanliness. They should tell then how to make drinkable, the adulterated and insect-affected water .They must ask them neither to waste water nor to allow it to stagnate in a pool .Such a pool is a fertile field for mosquitoes .In this connection they can quite and explain the proverb: â€Å"prevention is better than cure† students must give stress on the efficacy of literacy .Spread of education alone can transform the life-style of the  villagers. If every student were to assume the role of a reformer, during the duration of vacation, he would be using his vacation in the best way If one works very hard and continuously, one naturally feels tired. Our minds begin to wander, and we feel unable to fix our attention on work. Psychologists say that fatigue is caused by some of the brain matter being wasted while at hard work, and that, in order to allow the matter to be replaced, rest is necessary. It is only after the necessary rest that we feel fresh as before. Thus leisure is quite ess ential for our system after hard work. This does not mean that we should absolutely cease to do any work because work is as necessary as rest. Rest can also be had by a change in occupation. For example we have been working hard at mathematics for 4 hours and long for rest. But we need not sit idle. We can sing a few of our favourite songs and enjoy the tunes. That is also rest Again or if we have a hobby like stamp-collecting, we may after a hard day’s work, collect stamps, affix them neatly in sheets with decorated borders. This is not only a pleasing occupation but also useful. We may also attend to our garden during our leisure hours. We may trim a plant or prune a creeper or dig the ground. We may watch the glory of the buds blossoming into a flower. Watering the flower plants is not only a pleasant diversion but also a very useful form of physical exercise. We can also watch the birds around. Some may try their hand at drawing or painting. Painting flowers or creepers or birds in their natural setting is something of an achievement and may give us very great pleasure indeed. Those who have leisure may collect beautiful pictures and make them into neat albums. If we are in the country side, we may take a walk into the open and mingle freely with farmers and other rural folk. We may study their outlook and ideas, their needs and aspirations. We may probably tell them a thing or two from our knowledge of modem times and of the modem world which they might not have known. We may try to teach them the elements of hygiene and first-aid; or if they have their own methods, we can also collect the tales most popular among them, and thus specialise in folk-lore. It is a fascinating study, which will reflect the various phases of the life of those spending most of their time in their native surroundings. The most useful way of spending one’s leisure is to do some kind of social service especially to the backward sections of society. We may informally hold classes for illiterate adults, narrate interesting  stories, teach them to read and write, tell them how to safeguard themselves against infectious diseases, teach them the benefit of thrift by encouraging them to deposit their meagre savings in a saving bank or invest them in national savings certificates, and do a hundred other similar things besides. We may teach them the rudiments of civics, educate them as to their rights as voters and as to their duties in safeguarding it we may exhort them to give their whole-hearted cooperation in the community project and other development schemes.

Examples of institutional racism Essay

Although subtler than it has been in Western society, IR is still prevalent as a social factor. For example, Stephen Lawrence, a black teenager ‘was unlawfully killed in a completely unprovoked racist attack by five white youths on April 22, 1993’ (Macpherson, 1999). What was disturbing about this incident is that the inquest took 6 years to be scrutinized and police refused to help Mr. Lawrence even though he was in a pool of his own blood. Police were also given defining information that could have led to arrests, and they refused to accept that information. When one of the attackers was picked out from a criminal line-up pool, the police suggested that the survivour of the attack, Mr. Brooks who positively identified the assailant, was at best, guessing. The police would later confess that one of their officers could not remember anything he was told and later when called upon to testify he indicated that he had no record of any notes he may have taken. Video surveillance of the suspected attackers caught them on tape boasting how they were going to ‘cut black people up’. The case against the suspects was dropped after the police claimed that the eyewitness account of the survivour was unreliable. Subsequently, they arrested Mr. Brooks while he was protesting the fate of his friend and police promptly charged him. A judge would later throw out the case. Seeking justice the parents of Stephen Lawrence attempted to further prosecute the suspects. However, when that failed they launched a campaign for a public inquiry into the way that police handled the investigation of their son’s murder. It was only then that the above facts became publicly available. After the embarrassment of the police service and a lengthy inquiry, this led to the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: The Stephen Lawrence inquiry gave rise to the study of police stop-and-search in London which follows on from a report published by the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS). The Interim Report presented the results of the first year of a programme of action to improve police searches covered by section1 of PACE (the 1984 Police and Criminal Evidence Act). The programme began in April 1998 and was implemented in seven areas of London – Charing Cross, Limehouse, Brixton, Plumstead, Hounslow, Kingston and Tottenham. The pilot sites varied in the populations they served, the main crimes they had to deal with and the number of searches they recorded. Over the year, each showed significant improvement in supervising officers’’ use of the power and in the proportion of searches which produced an arrest. (http://www. met. police. uk/publications/stop_search/report. htm) The perception of acknowledgement of social responsibility by the police and their creation of policy with regards to their policing standards has left many in the black community on edge. The black community does not trust police to act appropriately regardless of how they portray themselves (Macpherson, 1999). This has led to further conflict and clashes with police. Conflict theorists believe that conflict is a normal part of institutional practices. This approach to the analysis of racism proposes that the whole society, not just the police, still survives on the historical wrongs done to ethnic minorities and that the dominant ethnic groups seek to maintain the marginalized in positions of inferiority by perpetuating ‘sets of advantages or privileges for the majority group and exclusions or deprivations for minority groups’ (Rodrieguez, 1987). Institutional racism ‘is so embracing an operating principle that it no longer requires conscious or overtly racist acts to sustain it’ (Rodrieguez, 1987). The overt apathy that is displayed by police is inherent in control systems (Axelson, 1998). Further, the inability or lack of want to acknowledge that institutionalised racism even exists creates a veiled illusion that everything is fine. Another event that the world cannot forget is the Rodney King beating that took place in Los Angeles, California. Rodney King, a black man was severely beaten by a group of Los Angeles police officers. This unfortunate event was videotaped. When this event was dispersed to the various news agencies public dissent ensued. Los Angeles had riots. The whole incident led Mr. King to be awarded a sum of $100 million dollars. However, this award did nothing to quell the distrust of police by blacks nor has it substantially improved relations between blacks and police. Both are seen a necessary evils (http://archives. cnn. com/2001/LAW/03/02/beating. anniversity. king. 02/). Institutional Racism is Not Acknowledged The problem of institutional racism in the police force is not simply a problem of racist attitudes held by individual ‘bad police constables’ but exposes a deeper problem of the reliance on outdated police policy that has become routine in an apathetic way. It is only through exposing the results of institutional racism through such acts as police brutality, the lack of ethnic minorities in positions of power, the lack of ethnic minority business ownership and the lack of ethnic faces in mainstream media can resistance to the belief that IR exists and is a reality. A fundamental question arising from this is, â€Å"How damaging is it when media, schools, legislatures and other institutions call racist myths true? † The cultivation of an inability to voice, express or even acknowledge that institutional racism exists and more overt forms of discrimination are the basis of which the prevailing Western culture maintains its influence is denigrating at the least and a cause for riots and increased violence at its worst. This attitude and lack of acknowledgement that IR exists, creates those who are perceived as inferior, and they may internalize the other’s perception as valid and behave accordingly. The person perceived as inferior may develop a self-fulfilling prophecy in relation to this, until this cycle is broken. The effects of IR include lowered self-esteem and inadequate self-concept. The Pygmalion effect is a self-fulfilling prophecy where people conform to others’ expectations regardless of their true abilities. IR may become a state of mind and a set of emotions and values, and a set of behaviours. Institutionalised racist modes range from hostile domination to passive acceptance (defined as avoiding, ignoring or pretending to be correct and polite). In the social changes of the last twenty years, change, like the reduction of outward hostility has occurred, yet more understanding is needed before equal acceptance and good will can occur (Axelson, 1998). Institutionalised racism is an indirect and largely invisible process which can be compared with the glass ceiling. It is a term encompassing the often unintentional barriers and selection/promotion procedures which serve to disadvantage members of ethnic minority groups. Braham, Rattansi, Skellington, 1992, pp.100-120) suggest that widening our definition of discrimination to include indirect or ‘institutional’ racism gives a much better understanding of the barriers faced by ethnic minorities. Braham et al. caution that it is important to acknowledge the wide range of practices involved – some much more obvious than others. Rejecting the proposition that all institutions are uniformly racist, they argue that ‘the kind of procedures†¦ that disadvantage black people also disadvantage other groups’. The British Civil Service is a good illustration of the existence and strength of institutionalised disadvantage. A Cabinet Office report in 1995 concluded that it was a bastion of the white, male middle-classes, making it difficult for ethnic minorities to progress into its upper reaches. The report concluded that the main barriers to career development were prejudice and/or ignorance among managers and a lack of confidence among ethnic minority staff. These barriers were derived from attitudinal or cultural stereotypes which limited expectations and opportunities on both sides. Conclusion In conclusion, institutional racism as defined has had serious deleterious effects on culture and society. These effects are manifested in language, ideas, schools, language policies, economic stratification social segregation, housing markets, hiring and promotional schemas, ethnic minority’s’ psychological issues and ethnic minority access to a variety of social services and opportunities. The continuation of institutional racism, though discouraging, can be seen as a positive development from the perspective of the decline of the more overt forms of racism. However, the lack of knowledge or the denial of the more subtle forms of racism can be extremely detrimental to both majority and minority group members. Institutional forms of racism may include police practices, unemployment, housing and education issues, discriminatory practices and inadequate welfare programs. IR may rear its head through the decision by Western culture to arbitrarily decide what is socially valuable. People tend to take as valuable what is most familiar to them. Prejudiced attitudes can be found in many elements, including language, education, religion, norms of morality, economics and aesthetics. A mental and emotional connection of the majority group with superiority and connecting minority cultures to inferiority makes IR pervasive and difficult to eradicate (Axelson, 1998). At an international level, institutional racism may be considered as a product of colonialist and imperialist strategies. These strategies employ racism as an important element in the justification and maintenance of relations of exploitation and unequal exchange with subordinate populations who happen to be physically different. Research of racism focuses on the condition that the rise and fall of racial stereotypes and racial prejudice is closely linked to the changing historical relations between different populations and to the interests of dominant groups (Seymour-Smith, 1986). A clear assessment of the attitudes, beliefs, social norms and corporate culture is required of the institution if it is to recognize policies, practices and procedures that may be exclusive to ethnic minority groups. It is through asking, seeing and acknowledging that institutional racism exists will create a forum for awareness. The lessons of Stephen Lawrence and Rodney King serve as societal reminders that a subtle, pervasive form of racism does indeed exist. Those attitudes are so ingrained and accepted that they are our social norm. Our unwillingness to formally acknowledge that anything these beliefs and attitudes are indeed incorrect will create more tension and unrest. It is through the constant reminder and education that though the practice of institutional racism may be part of the social fabric, it is not acceptable. It is not acceptable because although it is believed to not exist or acknowledged, the consequences of not acknowledging IR are seen through the disregard of humanity as in the cases of Stephen Lawrence and Rodney King. It shall only be through the forthright acknowledgement that something is inherently biased in our social framework will IR ever be diminished and eradicated. References viewed January 10, 2006. viewed January 8, 2006. viewed January 8, 2006. viewed January 9, 2006. viewed January 9, 2006. Axelson, J. A. (1998). Counseling and development in a multicultural society. Belmont, CA. Wadsworth Publishing. Braham, P. , Rattansi A. , and Skellington, R. 1992. (eds. ), Racism and Antiracism: Inequalities, Opportunities and Policies. Sage. p. 100-120. Green, D. G. 2000. Institutional Racism and the Police: Fact or Fiction. Civitas. London. Macpherson, Sir William (1999). The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: The Report of an Inquiry. London: HMSO. Massingale, Fr. Bryan. 1998. â€Å"The Ethics of Racism. † Origins vol. 28, iss. 24, p. 26. Massey, D. S. , Fischer, M. J. (1998, December). Where We Live, in Black and White. The Nation, viewed January 9, 2006, . Myers, D. G. (1993). Social psychology (4th ed), McGraw-Hill, Columbus, OH. Jefferson, T. (1992). ‘The racism of criminalisation: policing and the reproduction of the criminal other’, in Gelsthorpe. L (ed. ). Cropwood Roundtable on Ethnic Minority Groups and the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge: Institute of Criminology. Price, A. J. (1997) Human Resource Management in a Business Context, International Thomson Business Press, Ch. 9. Rodrieguez, A. M. (1987). ‘Institutional racism in the organisational setting: an action-research approach’, in Shaw J. (eds. ). Strategies for Improving Race Relations. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Seymour-Smith, C. 1986. Macmillan Dictionary of Anthropology. The Macmillan Press. lastname, initial. 2006. I felt that a more comprehensive definition was needed.

Oil and Gas Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Oil and Gas Management - Essay Example Another basic form of unconventional methods is the conversion of coal and gas using synthetic fuel techniques and advanced technology. Unconventional methods of drilling oil are still in their beginning phase and have come out of the need by the advanced nations to cater for the demand and balance it with the supply for continuous use. However, these methods have had their possible dangers especially to human health and the impacts to the environment.Conventional or otherwise the traditional methods pose enormous losses and environmental impacts on the subjects. Firstly, they destroy the formation of the earth’s crust and core. The drilling of the well to create room for exerting pressure so as to extract the oil is by itself noise pollution and especially to the people living around the mining sites and more so to those undertaking the drilling works (Boesch and Rabalais, 2000, p.117). Potential environmental disasters arise in the sense that there are threats posed to the w ildlife living nearby that has to flee to create room for the drilling process; displacement. This, in turn, threatens the survival of wildlife and especially with the availability of predators thus causing the extinction of some species. Drilling requires broad land occupation and the possible environmental impacts would be the release of harmful air into the environment, contamination of groundwater from uncontrolled gas, fluids and spills and even uncontrolled waste discharges and leakages.

US Government and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

US Government and Terrorism - Essay Example It is important to think how the three branches of our Federal Government can help us evaluating our capacity to fight against terrorism either. This paper will also analyze the US scope of collaborating with Russia in this regard and what if such mutual understanding is not possible. The 3 branches of the government, Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary play an important role in evaluating the capacity of the country to fight against international terrorism. Representatives from each of the states constitute the two houses of the legislative, and hence they can collectively make laws for protecting public interests. The President is elected by the entire country and being the head of the Executive branch makes laws official. The Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995 and the shocking attack on the World Trade Centre in New York on September 11, 2001 were extremely disastrous and the most remarkable among all terrorist attacks happened in the US till date. Soon after the September 11 attack the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 was signed by the President with a title of Uniting and strengthening America by providing appropriate tools required intercepting and obstructing Terrorism. The PATRIOT Act had made certain changes to the US laws. Arguably, the powers granted by the law were effectively utilized by the agents that there has not been any severe terrorist attack since the PATRIOT Act came into force. However, in the ever changing scenario, laws enacted once may not be sufficient to address the issue. For instance, many a time the threat is in new forms and the vagueness blurs the strategy as well. It is the responsibility of the legislature to review the effectiveness of the measures taken so far to curb the issue. The war against terrorism has already been proved ineffective. There should be more comprehensive measures to address the issue. It is possible only if the threat is defined on the grounds of most recent developments and events. Legislature has to anal yze the effectiveness of the nation’s collaborative efforts on intelligence, law enforcement, military, financial, and diplomatic channels with other nations in addressing terrorism. Russia supported the US during their war in Afghanistan against terrorism but was disappointed of the US foreign policy after 9/11. Russia’s coalition against US in Iraq war created problems between the two countries. The disputes were due to the gap in understanding what the International terrorism is and also the partnership between Russia and US was not based upon the coordination of interests or approaches (Sursolve, n. p.). Measures must be taken to improve the understanding between the two nations in terms of growing terror threat. Strong alliance between these two powerful nations can suppress terrorism to a great extent. The fight against terrorism should be a positive agenda of Russia-US relations in upcoming years regardless of all disputes. Since the fight against terrorism is h igh on NATO’s policies, US allies and the German government together invoked Article 5 of the Charter which says an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all, and NATO greatly supported US during the September 11 attack. Germany considers the Islamic terrorism as their primary threat and therefore they had responded to the 9/11 event by offering military and other assistances and also has supported and contributed to US in many ways in fighting against international

The outcomes of Turning Kuwait into a tourism country Research Paper

The outcomes of Turning Kuwait into a tourism country - Research Paper Example In short the, impact of developing Kuwait’s tourism industry has been explained in detail in this report. Kuwait is sovereign state place in the middle of the Arabian Peninsula, constituting in western Asia. The country is bordered by Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iraq. The name â€Å"Kuwait† means the fortress built near water. It comprises of total of 6889 sq miles and houses a population of about 3.5 million people (PACA). Like all developed countries of the world Kuwait also tries to enhance its image to the outside world to enhance an image of the place to be visited as a recreation, not only business. As it an established fact that the prime source of income for the Kuwaiti government is the oil sector, there are various other sectors the governments is looking into with n angle of revenue generation. Tourism is one such department in which the Kuwaiti government has taken interest lately. The report discusses the prime targets that are set for the tourism industry, its benefits and downsides that come along with any sort of urban or cultural development. This report in detai l also discusses the area which will enhance tourism, including places already present and those which can be developed along with proper marketing to induce the world travelers to home in their travel destinations in this part of the world. The Tourism is simply explained as the traveling which is done for pleasure or fun. Many people all around the world travel to different destinations across the world to see places and monuments of their choice and personal liking. Personal likes may include structures of sculptural beauty, attractive spots of nature and so on. Hence we can find a number of tourists at all time in all countries of the world, even space is being converted into a tourist destination which is not even in this world, for those who can afford it. The travels of the foreign tourist bring a lot of money to the countries where they travel. Hence, tourism

Why is stress such a major concern for employers today Essay

Why is stress such a major concern for employers today - Essay Example People, who can take it as an opportunity or challenge, can improve their performances and make a mark. The different factors that cause stress are known as stressors. The environmental stressors include economic, political and technological changes. Organisational structure is always influenced by economic environment of the country and this has been more closely realised in the current global financial turmoil. Because of economic slowdown in most of the developed nations, organisations have been forced to change their structure in the form of cost reduction, halting production and most importantly reducing employee strength by lay off or even permanent job cuts. This has created immense stress on employees. Their anxiousness gone to extreme high as their job security declined. Organisations are often forced to change their structure because of various political reasons. When a country is politically restless, organisational structure also becomes unstable because of that. For an instance, when East Germany integrated to West Germany many people were under stress of loosing job, changing organisational culture etc. Another important environmental factor is technological change. In this advanced age of information, everyday a new technology is getting invented. Because of these new technological inventions, an employee’s skill or experience might become obsolete at a very short period of time. Consequently, a person might come under huge stress of loosing importance in the current system of operation. Some times implementation of new technology in organisation leads to even reduction in number of employees if few of them found not suited for that new platform. These things make employees to come under huge mental stress. Role demands include the pressure of performing a job which the person is not supposed to do, when the role itself is not clear to the

One Missed Call by Takashi Miike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One Missed Call by Takashi Miike - Essay Example One Missed Call is the story of a college student Yumi Nakamura whose friend Yoko receives a phone call with a ring tone she has never heard before. The message is dated three days in the future with her own voice saying "It's started raining." This is followed by a spine-chilling scream and after some days the events heard in the message actually happen and Yoko dies a gruesome death. Several other victims receive similar messages on their cell phones dated a day or two in the future and die violent deaths. The story is about Yumi tracking down the source of these calls with the help of a man whose sister was the first victim to die. Their pursuit leads them to a girl who has died of asthma and her abusive mother. In One Missed Call one finds all the clichà ©s of J-Horror films such as shock, horror and torture, but the director here uses them effectively and scares the audience with some imaginative twists. The scenes may be familiar with fingers coming out of cupboards, crawling shadows, girls with bulging eyes trembling in corners and scary sound effects. Scenes such as a resurrect corpse chasing Ko Shiasaki in the abandoned hospital manage to shock the audience. The victims are tortured by the horror of the messages that they receive on their cell phones. The killings shown are gruesome and graphic in detail. Takashi Miike excels in scaring the audience. The best sequence of the movie is the reality television show where a terrified girl who has received the fatal message is forced by some TV producers.

The purpose of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The purpose of Education - Essay Example The current culture is fighting for the fulfilment of the educational standards. One should also admit that the author is rather dissatisfied with the one-sided view on the notion of liberal education. These usually deal with the concrete embodiment of abstract values including such important ones as "freedom" and "growth". The notion of cultural literacy is rather complicated. Also, the education is formally connected with the notion of human freedom (Lauro 147). The requirements show the tendency to vary from institution to institution. The complex curricular tables and credit formulas exist in combination with each other. The itemization that is traditionally used by education institutions does not adequately defines the meaning of liberal education. Education that is perceived as a process of educating future individuals that will be developing their talents. The basis for these talents development will be the idea of freedom and personal growth (The Art of Instruction 25). Education is described as the process that is more focused on the life of the mind and citizens as critical thinker. "Social capital in the collegiums, is build from ab investment of rime and commitment by individuals" (Downey 102). Civic engagement often involves experience-based understandings. All these things are fostered through activities. One of these activities is the community service (Education and the Democratic Island 17). The authors pay much attention to the development of the connection that should be present between liberal education and civic engagement. Education should be perceived as the finished product of person's cultural development. The specific thing achieved by this author is the picturing the connection that exists between culture and liberal education. Education is multidimensional notion. In practice it means that there are different ways of understanding education. That is the main reason of the numerous approaches that are used while defining the noti on of liberal education. The main point of contrast is the different perception of the notion education (Lauro 147). This thing is related to students' ability to facilitate their personal or deep engagement with their subject-matter. Engaging students in mathematical problem solving process is rather complicated issue (Education and the Democratic Island 17). The issue is projected to stimulate intellectual activity of the group as well as to build a deep mathematical understandings. When combined together, these issues are very important for a further development of the education. No less important issue is associated with encouraging in students to acquire a number of new personal characteristics. When combined together, these characteristics will contribute to speed the mathematics research in the future. Critics admit that "A school cannot be expected to instill distant behaviors in those whose moral education has been disregarded" (Education and the Democratic Island 16). The core of the whole process lies in recognising the education as an appropriate tool for a further research. The knowledge is appropriate for acquiring and interpreting the mathematical results. A number of the capabilities are helpful in developing 'ideas workers'. Developing this ability is important for cutting edge work.

Maritime Technology 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Maritime Technology 1 - Essay Example This physical quantity has been associated with randomness by Boltzmann who believes that in a confined system, the disorder that is produced is actually entropy. On the other hand, Shannon considers positive information that is produced in message transmission as entropy. Conversely, there is one more interpretation given to the term which is very much opposite to the former. Brillouin associates entropy with deficiency of information. This can also be stated as uncertainty and doubt and something which cannot be predicted. Ignorance is also one part of the mentioned interpretation of Brillouin. In addition, finally, there are some authors and theorists who consider freedom as entropy; freedom to evolve from one state to the other (Brissaud, pp. 69-70, 2005). Entropy is, basically, a fundamental and core value of modern physics that could be easily linked with different areas like metaphysics, biology and even economy. For these reasons, every interpretation and explanation of the t erm has its own importance in these diverse fields and they should be made to use in order to learn more about the phenomenon. Let the paper analyse each interpretation separately. When they say that entropy is the disorder, it means that when heat is produced in a closed system, the molecules gas molecules would, automatically, move randomly in any position. This would create more work and energy in the system than the energy which was initially present. This chaos and disrupt is termed as entropy. Moreover, considering the second and third interpretations, the lack of information, actually, refers to uncertainty and indefiniteness. An outsider can never predict where and how the gas molecules would spread when heat energy is produced in a closed system. This tendency of not being able to predict the present and future positions of molecules makes entropy associated with uncertainty and lack of information. However, for the same closed system, considering it from the inside, the mo vement and change is actually an information which is referred to as positive and beneficial adding up to the knowledge. Likewise, the gas molecules have maximum freedom to move rapidly in whatever directions, which increases with time (Brissaud, pp. 70, 2005). However, many theorists and authors disagree with the association of entropy with disorder. These theorists claim that the agitation is more a result of temperature than of entropy as a whole. This confusion exists because of the reason that all these three quantities and values are closely in connection with each other. Heat, temperature, and entropy have so close relations that the source of disorder and agitation is not observable clearly and precisely. When defined accurately, temperature, according to the modern and classical thermodynamics, is the value given to the molecular agitation that happens after heat is produced in a closed area. Furthermore, heat is termed as the disordered energy creating the chaos. Therefore , these three core principles in thermodynamics are closely linked with one another and are the source of the concepts of agitation and disorder that are associated with entropy (Brissaud, pp. 82, 2005). Thus, temperature is the real phenomenon associated to chaos and disorder since low temperature systems are always said to under order and less agitated. This is the reasons theorists disagree with that interpretation. Heat production and the

Quality of Life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quality of Life - Assignment Example Diabetes commonly referred to as a diabetes mellitus is a group of biological metabolic diseases associated with blood pressure, frequent urination, increased hunger and increased thirst. If not checked and managed early, can lead to many other complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, stroke among others. The inability of insulin hormone to function normally has adverse effects on the metabolism protein, carbohydrate and fat. This is because insulin encourages storage of protein and fat thus considered an anabolic hormone. A relative insulin deficiency ultimately leads to weight loss, even though; there is an increase in appetite. Some untreated patients of diabetes also complain of fatigue, vomiting and nausea (Peacock, 2000). Patients with diabetes are probable to developing infections of the skin, bladder and vaginal regions. In addition, fluctuations in blood glucose levels can lead to blurred vision. Extremely elevated sugar level can lead to lethargy and coma. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions are such as pre-diabetes — when ones blood sugar levels are higher above normal, but not high enough to be considered as diabetes. The body does not produce insulin hormone. Some people could refer to this type as insulin-dependent condition of diabetes or juvenile diabetes. Individuals normally develop type 1 diabetes just before their 40th year, often in early adulthood or youthful years. There are two known kinds of diabetes type 1 and type 2. Type 1diabetes is nowhere closer as common as type 2 diabetes. About 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1. However, Type 2 starts with insulin resistance; normally cells fail to respond to insulin well. As the condition progresses, deficiency of insulin may also develop. The diabetes complications are biologically related to blood vessel conditions and are normally classified into small vessel conditions or diseases, such as those connecting

Energy output of Bioethanol and Industrial Ethanol Essay Example for Free

Energy output of Bioethanol and Industrial Ethanol Essay Aim The aim of this investigation is to determine which of the two derivatives of ethanol releases more energy, Bioethanol or Industrial Ethanol. Hypothesis The main compound in both alcohols has the same chemical formulae C2H5OH, and the other compounds are unknown therefore the Energy output cannot be calculated exactly by using standard bond enthalpies. However, as the main compound is known and the same for both ethanols the energy output should be very similar. Therefore the difference in energy output only depends on the compounds which are blended to the alcohols. Apparatus Thermometer Metal can x2 Draught shield x4 Gloves Safety spectacles Heat-resistant mat Insulation card 100cm3 measuring cylinder x2 Spirit burner Clamp stand Balance Matches Substances E100 Bioethanol Industrial Ethanol Water Method The idea to do the experiment the way described is due to knowledge from past experiments and the IB textbook. Follow these steps 10 times, five times for each alcohol. Step 1: Measure 50cm3 of alcohol in a measuring cylinder Step 2: Weigh and record the empty spirit burner Step 3: Fill the 50cm3 of alcohol in the spirit burner Step 4: Weigh and record the filled spirit burner Step 5: Measure 100cm3 of Water in a measuring cylinder Step 6: Fill the water into the metal can Step 7: Set up the Apparatus as displayed (1 draught shield in each direction, south, north, west and east, forming a box around the apparatus; assure there are 2cm of space between the bottom of the metal can and the cotton wick) Step 7: Record the initial temperature of water Step 8: Light the cotton wick of the spirit burner Step 9: Record the temperature every 15 seconds until the cotton wick loses its flame Step 10: Weigh the spirit burner with the remaining alcohol to calculate how many grams of alcohol have been used Varables Temperature: Temperature of Water will be measured before every experiment. The whole experiment takes place at room temperature. Volume of Water: 100cm3 Mass of alcohol: 50cm3 filled in spirit burner. The mass will be measured before and after the experiment to figure how much has been used. Time: record every 15 seconds Concentration of alcohol: 1M Surface area of metal can which flame is heating up: same cans will be used and positioned at same place above the cotton wick to keep this constant. Length of cotton wick: 0.5cm Distance from cotton wick to bottom of metal can: 2cm Hazard Warnings Industrial Ethanol: Highly flammable. Therefore wear gloves and safety spectacles Bioethanol: Highly flammable. Therefore wear gloves and safety spectacles Chemistry HL Plan of Investigation

Indo-US civilian nuclear deal

Indo-US civilian nuclear deal INDIAS ENERGY SECURITY WITH SPECIALREFERENCE TO INDO-US NUCLEAR DEAL â€Å"Consider the past 400 years of history. The world developed a new source of power, steam, and the industrial age came in. India with all her many virtues did not develop that source of power and it became a backward and a slave country. Now, we are on the verge of the atomic age. If we are to remain abreast in the world as a nation which keeps ahead of things, we must develop this atomic energy quite apart from war†¦of course, if we are compelled as a nation to use it for other purposes, no pious sentiments of any one of us can stop the nation from using it that way.† Jawaharlal Nehru, 06 April 1948 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY The energy security encompasses the oil natural gas, fuel and electricity. However in the backdrop of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal we are referring to the electrical energy security generated from nuclear sources. The Indias nuclear reactors are fueled by uranium. Indias uranium is low grade and quantity and is about seven times costlier than whats available in the world market. The Indo US civilian nuclear deal encompasses the transfer of sensitive technology for reprocessing, enrichment of fuel and importing uranium for generation of electricity from nuclear energy. In recent years, if there is one issue that has been on the headlines at regular intervals besides terrorist attacks in different parts of our country, is the Indo-US civilian nuclear deal. So much so that it was on the verge of bringing down the worlds largest democracy. Never before in the history of independent India where any subject thought about, deliberated, argued and counter argued by the political, bureaucr atic and the scientific elites. The main advantage of this deal is that the India not only got the assurance from the world to increase its electricity generating capacity but India can continue its nuclear weapon programme unhindered. The deal also gave strategic advantages to US. METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem 2. This paper aims to analyse â€Å"Will India be able to fulfill its power demand by 2030 by generating electricity from nuclear power plants in light of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal.† Hypothesis 3. The extent of Indias strategic interest has expanded and span from the Gulf of Hormuze up to the Malacca Strait. It implies that India is on the threshold of becoming a regional super power, having a large say in the geopolitical affairs in South Asia. This situation has come about as a result of the economic liberalisation in last decade of the twentieth century, causing the economy to grow at appreciable rates of 7-8 % per year. Economic opportunities in India have made the world sit up and take notice, causing a huge influx of investments in all business and industrial sectors. 4. Given the above situation, Indias electrical energy needs are growing by leaps and bounds, and at a very rapid pace. The sources for generation of electricity to support this unprecedented growth are not adequate. Therefore, it is imperative that India must look for alternative sources to generate sufficient electricity not only to cater for future growth but also to bridge the gap between the demand and supply. This will also help India for realisation of her role as a regional power to satisfy her strategic aspirations. Justification of the Study 5. India is concern for energy security in general and electrical energy in particular for its economic development and uplifting the standard of living of its citizen. Indo-us civilian nuclear deal is a step towards to solve Indias energy problem which encompasses the generation of electricity from nuclear energy and transfer of sensitive technology including supply of raw material. But the deal has more strategic and international connotation. If we adopt the perspective of twenty years hence, will India be able to achieve its energy security? Scope 6. The scope of this study would be to look into Indias electric energy requirement by 2030, highlighting the electricity generating capacity and gap between demand and supply. Also to analyze the nuclear power plants generating capacity in a backdrop of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal with its strategic implications for India. The study would also suggest a way ahead for India to achieve total energy security. Other related issues such as electrification, transmission, distribution, billing, electrical energy conservation and regulatory commissions are not considered in this study. Operational Definitions 7. Energy Security.[1] A countrys ability to optimize its energy resource portfolio and supply of energy services for the desired level of services that will sustain economic growth and poverty reduction. It is a broad umbrella covers all type of energy and economic growth. 8. Nuclear Energy and Energy Security.[2] Nuclear Energy is the kinetic energy of the fragments that result from the fissioning or splitting of uranium and plutonium nuclei when they absorb neutrons. The kinetic energy is converted to heat as the fragments are slowed, and this heat is use to convert water into steam which in turn used for rotation of turbine thus producing electricity. This nuclear energy supplements the total energy requirement of our country with an aim to achieve energy security from all the sources including renewable, hydro and coal. Methods of Data Collection 9. The major source of data collection has been through library books, journals, articles from magazine newspaper as well as internet. Organisation of the Dissertation (Chapterisation) 10. The dissertation is organised as under : (a) Chapter I Introduction and Methodology. This chapter introduces the subject ‘Indias energy security with special reference to Indo-us nuclear deal. It also lays down the ‘Statement of Problem providing a justification for the study and defines the scope of dissertation. The chapter also defines security in general and energy security in particular. Energy security encompasses oil, gas and electricity. The focus will be on nuclear power element of electricity/power security. (b) Chapter II Indias Electrical Energy Need and Present Status. This chapter brings out statistical data about the present power status in India from all sources including the contribution of nuclear power plants and predicting economic growth vis-a-vis Indias electrical energy needs by 2030. (c) Chapter III Nuclear Energy Its Myth and Reality. This chapter analysis the nuclear power generating capacity by 2030, technology and raw material requirement and its contribution towards achieving energy security. It also covers advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power over conventional sources of power generation. (d) Chapter IV Indo-US Civilian Nuclear Deal. This chapter covers Indias nuclear history in brief and Indo-US civilian nuclear deal in detail. It also brings out the stance of International atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). This chapter also highlights the pros and cons and views of political parties in India. (e) Chapter V Implications of the Deal. This chapter highlights the strategic implications in terms of economic, geopolitical and military of Indo-US civilian nuclear deal. (f) Chapter VI The Way Ahead for Energy Security. Initially India neglected its power requirement and now going for nuclear power. On one hand developed country like Germany is against nuclear power and on other side France in going for it. This chapter covers the analysis of this dichotomy and Indias necessity to go for it. In the end, recommendations for way ahead for India to achieve total energy security. CHAPTER II INDIAS ELECTRICAL ENERGY NEED AND PRESENT STATUS Indias Energy Security Challenge[3] 1. Electricity is one of the most important inputs to support the growing economy. Today, there is the requisite buying power to support the rapid growth of the power sector. At the same time, there are severe resources constrains looming large. The non-availability of power in required amounts could, in fact, severely restrict our developmental aspirations. 2. There is a need to look at nuclear energy associated with processes involving the nucleus of an atom in several million folds higher than the energy associated with processes that involve electron that orbit around the nucleus. The later forms the basis of energy through burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear energy released through fission or fusion of atomic nuclei and solar energy that we receive from the sun are the only two viable basic energy sources capable of meeting our long term energy needs. 3. Electricity Present Status in India?[4] India is a power deficit country with a high base and peak load deficit of around 9.8% and 16.6%, respectively. Currently, though coal-based plants contribute around 58 % of the installed capacity, that alone would not be sufficient to secure and fulfill Indias long-term Energy requirements. A broad estimate suggests that if the countrys coal consumption continues to grow at 5% pa, going ahead we might run out of coal reserves over the next 40-50 years, and even if new coal reserves are discovered and extracted, we might still run out of coal in the next 70-80 years. Installed Capacity > 120 GW. Gross Generation is 620 billion kWh. The current per capita power consumption in India is about 612 KWH per year. While the world average is 2596 KWH. Out of total power available in India, thermal power constitutes 64.6%, hydro power 24.7% and nuclear power 2.9%. The present power status of India is shown in fig 1. The details of nuclear power is s hown in fig 2 Indian Energy Scenarios: 2030 4. Nuclear Power[5] will play a significant role in the long-term energy mix of the country with the government planning to raise its contribution from the current level of 2.9% (4,120 MW) to around 10% (64,000-65,000 MW) of the countrys installed capacity by 2030.[6] 5. Details of Nuclear Power Plants in India.[7] Currently, seventeen nuclear power reactors produce 4,120 MW (2.9% of total installed base). Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 x 3 660 Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 220 x 2 440 Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PHWR 220 x 2 440 Narora NPCIL Uttar Pradesh PHWR 220 x 2 440 Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 100 x 1, 200 x 1, 220 x 2 740 Tarapur NPCIL Maharashtra BWR(PHWR) 160 x 2, 540 x 2 1400 Total 17 4120 6. The projects under construction are: Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PHWR 220 x 1 220 Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 220 x 2 440 Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000 x 2 2000 Kalpakkam NPCIL Tamil Nadu PFBR 500 x 1 500 Total 6 3160 7. The planned projects are: Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kakrapar NPCIL Gujarat PHWR 640 x 2 1280 Rawatbhata NPCIL Rajasthan PHWR 640 x 2 1280 Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1200 1200 x 2 2400 Jaitapur NPCIL Maharastra EPR 1600 x 4 6400 Kaiga NPCIL Karnataka PWR 1000 x 1, 1500 x 1 2500 Bhavini PFBR 470 x 4 1880 NPCIL AHWR 300 300 NTPC PWR 1000 x 2 2000 NPCIL PHWR 640 x 4 2560 Total 10 20600 8. The following projects are firmly proposed. Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1200 1200 x 2 2400 Jaitapur NPCIL Maharashtra EPR 1600 x 2 3200 Pati Sonapur Orissa PWR 6000 Kumaharia Haryana PWR 2800 Saurashtra Gujarat PWR Pulivendula NPCIL 51%, AP Genco 49% Andhra Pradesh PWR 2000 x 1 2000 Kovvada Andhra Pradesh PWR Haripur West Bengal PWR Total 15 16400 9. The following projects are proposed and to be confirmed soon. Power station Operator State Type Units Total capacity (MW) Kudankulam NPCIL Tamil Nadu VVER-1200 1200 x 2 2400 Total 2 2400 10. Summary of total nuclear power generation capacity by 2030. Sl No. Project Units Total capacity (MW) 1 Present nuclear power reactors 17 4120 2 Projects under construction 06 3160 3 Planned projects 10 20600 4 Projects firmly proposed 15 16400 5 Proposed and to be confirmed 02 2400 Total 50 46680 11. Department of Atomic Energy. This independent department has all matter related to atomic energy under its purview, and is responsible for designing, commissioning, constructing and operating nuclear power plants. 12. National Electricity Policy.[8] The GOI decided and notified the National Electricity Policy in Feb 2005 (Min of Power, 2005). The policy aims at accelerated development of power sector, providing supply of electricity to all areas and protecting interests of consumers. The policy prescribes development of rural electrification distribution backbone to be completed in next five years, Some of the points on which the policy emphasizes on are:- (a) Nuclear power is an established source of energy to meet the base load demand. Share of nuclear power in the overall capacity profile will need to be increased significantly. (b) Creation of adequate generation capacity with a spinning reserve of a least 5% by 2012 with availability of installed capacity at 85%. (c) Full development of hydro potential. (d) Development of National Grid. (e) Exploitation of non-conventional energy such as small hydro, solar, biomass and wind for additional power generation capacity. 13. Outcome of the Deal. The Indian nuclear power industry is expected to undergo a significant expansion in the coming years thanks in part to the passing of the Indo-US nuclear deal. This agreement will allow India to carry out trade of nuclear fuel and technologies with other countries and significantly enhance its power generation capacity. India is expected to generate an additional 25,000 MW of nuclear power by 2020, bringing total estimated nuclear power generation to 45,000 MW. Following a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group in September 2008 which allowed it to commence international nuclear trade, India has signed nuclear deals with several other countries including France, United States, Namibia, Mongolia and Kazakhstan while the framework for similar deals with Canada and United Kingdom are also being prepared. In February 2009, India also signed a $700 million deal with Russia for the supply of 2000 tons nuclear fuel. India now envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years. In 2010, Indias installed nuclear power generation capacity will increase to 6,000 MW. As of 2009, India stands 9th in the world in terms of number of operational nuclear power reactors and is constructing 9 more, including two EPRs being constructed by Frances Areva. Indigenous atomic reactors include TAPS-3, and -4, both of which are 540 MW reactors. Indias $717 million fast breeder reactor project is expected to be operational by 2010. 14. Nuclear Power Growth. India, being a non-signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, has been subjected to a defacto nuclear embargo from members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) cartel. This has prevented India from obtaining commercial nuclear fuel, nuclear power plant components and services from the international market, thereby forcing India to develop its own fuel, components and services for nuclear power generation. The NSG embargo has had both negative and positive consequences for Indias Nuclear Industry. On one hand, the NSG regime has constrained India from freely importing nuclear fuel at the volume and cost levels it would like to support the countrys goals of expanding its nuclear power generation capacity to at least 20,000 MW by 2020. Also, by precluding India from taking advantage of the economies of scale and safety innovations of the global nuclear industry, the NSG regime has driven up the capital and operating costs and damaged the achievable safe ty potential of Indian nuclear power plants. On the other hand, the NSG embargo has forced the Indian government and bureaucracy to support and actively fund the development of Indian nuclear technologies and industrial capacities in all key areas required to create and maintain a domestic nuclear industry. This has resulted in the creation of a large pool of nuclear scientists, engineers and technicians that have developed new and unique innovations in the areas of Fast Breeder Reactors, Thermal Breeder Reactors, the Thorium fuel cycle, nuclear fuel reprocessing and Tritium extraction production. Ironically, had the NSG sanctions not been in place, it would have been far more cost effective for India to import foreign nuclear power plants and nuclear fuels than to fund the development of Indian nuclear power generation technology, building of Indias own nuclear reactors, and the development of domestic uranium mining, milling and refining capacity. 15. India has already been using imported enriched uranium and are currently under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, but it has developed various aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle to support its reactors. Development of select technologies has been strongly affected by limited imports. Use of heavy water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows Uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment capabilities. India has also done a great amount of work in the development of a Thorium centered fuel cycle. While Uranium deposits in the nation are limited, there are much greater reserves of Thorium and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that Thorium can theoretically be utilized in heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn Uranium-Plutonium fuel while irradiating a Thorium blanket is under construction at the Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station. CHAPTER III NUCLEAR ENERGY ITS MYTH AND REALITY Nuclear Energy in India[9] 1. Nuclear energy is the fourth-largest source of electricity in India after thermal, hydro and renewable sources of electricity. As of 2008, India has 17 nuclear power plants in operation generating 4,120 MW while 6 other are under construction and are expected to generate an additional 3,160 MW. Since early 1990s, Russia has been a major source of nuclear fuel to India. Due to dwindling domestic uranium reserves, electricity generation from nuclear power in India declined by 12.83% from 2006 to 2008. To appreciate the Indo US nuclear deal better, let us understand the basics of generation of nuclear energy. 2. Nuclear Reactor. The basis of nuclear power is the fission process. This is the process of splitting of a fissionable atoms nucleus, releasing energy in the form of heat, which can be converted through steam turbine and a generator into electricity. The only naturally occurring fissionable material is Uranium and said to be fissile because its nucleus has an affinity to a colliding neutron which it absorbs, splits into two smaller particles and emits two or more neutrons and produces vast amounts of energy. This process is called fission chain reaction. The neutrons produced as result of fission reaction in the reactor have excessive energy levels and they move at a great speed. In a nuclear reactor a chain reaction cannot be sustained with fast moving neutrons. So the fast paced neutrons are slowed down by an element called a moderator. The two substances that are used as a moderator in a Uranium reactor are heavy water and graphite. A majority of the nuclear reactors in the worl d use natural uranium as fuel and light water as moderator and hence they are called the Light Water Reactor. These are essentially boiling water reactor (BWR) or Pressurized water reactor (PWR). In a BWR, the cooling water is allowed to boil inside the reactor at a temp of 290 deg and pressure of 70 atmospheres. The steam is then fed directly to the turbines and re-circulated to the reactor. In a PWR the pressure inside the reactor vessel is kept at 150 atmospheres so as to prevent the cooling water from boiling at temperatures up to 350 deg. This water is fed out of the reactor vessel to a steam generator where it passes through thousands of tubes immersed in water at a much lower pressure. The secondary cooling water boils and drives the turbines. The other type of reactors those use heavy water as moderator is called Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR). 3. Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Nuclear fuel needs to be processed optimally for use and thereafter disposed off safely. All these activities form part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Indias share of Natural Uranium reserve of the entire globe is 0.8 %. At the same time that of Thorium is over 32% of the worlds reserve. A Uranium Mill is a chemical plant designed to extract uranium from ore. The final product that goes out of from the mill, commonly referred to as yellow cake, contains more than 60% of uranium. 4. Nuclear Waste Reprocessing. The fuel which went into the reactor is removed after anywhere between 18 months to about 3 years. This spent fuel highly radioactive waste. The Uranium which comprises about 96% of the spent fuel can be recycled as fresh fuel elements. It could be used to fuel breeder reactors or can be used to make a nuclear bomb. 5. Uranium Enrichment. Purification and chemical conversion of uranium concentrate to uranium hexafluoride is needed since yellowcake is not directly usable as nuclear reactor fuel. The uranium hexafluoride is used in a natural uranium fuel reactor. The enriched uranium is now sent to a fuel fabrication plant where it is changed into uranium dioxide powder. The powder is pressed into small pellets, which are then put into metal tubes, forming fuel rods. These fuel rods are put together to form a fuel assembly. Advantages and Disadvantages 6. The advantages of electricity produced from nuclear source are as follows :- (a) Cost- Effective Option. A kilogram of uranium can produces a million times more energy as compared to a kilogram of coal or a kilogram of hydrocarbon. One kg uranium can produce as much electricity as 1500 tons of coal. It will not only diversify Indias power generation portfolio but also reduces pressure on railway transportation of coal for the thermal power plants. (b) Environmentally Sustainable. Non-emission of greenhouse gases that have threatened the global climate. The reduction in annual coal consumption ~ 100 Million Tons. Reduction in annual CO2 Emissions > 170 Million Tons. This will help ease global demand for crude oil and natural gas. 7. The disadvantages of nuclear power plants are as follows :- (a) Initial Cost. Conventional nuclear plants are expensive, being perhaps two to three times the cost of comparable coal or gasification plants, with much of this expenditure required to insure the safety of the public. The production process is relatively simple and involves using nuclear heat to create steam that subsequently drives a turbine generator. However, the high cost of the plants (billions of dollars) can introduce potentially high financial risks to owners and investors alike, as history has demonstrated. While the plants are relatively inefficient (~33%), the price of nuclear fuel, as with coal, is a fraction of the cost of natural gas. Nuclear plants operate at full power for technical reasons and avoid the daily routine large load swings of the electrical grid. Fossil plants are normally used for such purposes. Indias Nuclear Energy Programme 8. Indias nuclear resource endowments are modest in terms of uranium, which is the only naturally available material that contains a fissionable component. On other hand thorium endowments are vast. But unlike uranium it is non fissionable. 9. Three-StageProgramme Indias strategies for large scale development of nuclear energy focused towards utilization of thorium and three stages nuclear power program is as given under : (a) The first stage of Indian Nuclear Power employs the PHWRs fuelled by uranium, to produce plutonium. (b) The second stage, Plutonium put in Fast breeder reactor with uranium, with a blanket of thorium, to convert some of the thorium into uranium. (c) In the third stage, Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs) would burn Thorium and U 233 as fuel. This is what we finally want to achieve in the years to come. The AHWR test reactor is in final phase of design. 10. Nuclear Energy for Indias Energy Security.[10][11] The CHAPTER IV Indo US Civilian Nuclear Deal Indo-US Relations 1. Historical Perspective. The nuclear energy history started way back in 1950 when US helped India to develop nuclear energy under the atoms for peace program. In 1968 India refused to sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) claiming it was biased. India, Pakistan and Israel never signed NPT and North Korea signed but withdrew later. In 1974 came a turning point when India tested its first nuclear bomb made by the materials from the Canadian reactor. Canada and US stopped selling nuclear fuel to India and US placed severe restrictions on transfer of dual use technologies to India. India was a target of American ideological and geopolitical antagonism. Bilateral relations between the two countries were victims of incompatible obsessions of Indias with Pakistan and Americas with the erstwhile USSR. 2. Post Pokharan II. Indias nuclear blasts of 1998 not only shook the Thar desert, but also rocked the very foundations of the Global Nuclear Order. US administration promptly imposed sanctions and also mobilized other nations in doing so. Indias nuclear policy thus became the single most contentious issue in bilateral relations. The country was treated like pariah, especially by the US and 45 member Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) countries and isolated India for more than three decades, refusing nuclear co-operation. Sanctions were heaped on India. Indian nuclear scientists were unwelcome at international seminars in their field. 3. Post 9/11. In 2000, the US has moved to build a strategic partnership with India. The terrorists strike of 11 Sep 01 resulted in convergence of strategic interests of both the sides. India supported American actions whole heartedly and defence cooperation was at new heights. An agreement on Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP) was signed in Jan 2004 which included areas such as missile defence, cooperation in civilian nuclear, space programme and high technology trade. The foundation and indeed the underpinning of the nuclear agreement was the signing of a ten year New Framework for Defence Relationship (NFDR) in June 2005 as a prelude to the historic agreement of 18 Jul 05, when India and the US agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian nuclear agreement. Landmark Deal 4. On 18 Jul 2005, India and the US sign the landmark Civilian Nuclear Deal in Washington DC and surprise the world. The deal was signed by US President Mr George Bush and Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh. The US dismantle the complex architecture that it had set up to isolate India after 1974 nuclear test and deny it access to civilian nuclear technology. 5. Hyde Act. On 18 Dec 2006, the US congress passed the Henry J Hyde United States-India peaceful atomic energy co-operation act 2006 (PAEC Act 2006) popularly called as ‘Hyde Act, amending the atomic energy act that had prohibited American entities from trading with countries that didnt sign the NPT or had done a nuclear test. India fitted into both categories. The US Senate voted emphatically in favor of 86 to 13. In reality, the Hyde Act is an enabling legi

Race Issues in Social Work Practice

Race Issues in Social Work Practice White Social Workers pejorative assessment of black families and the reinforcement of racist stereotypes through their intervention are central to the social working, i.e. social control, of black families and form the major avenues through which they clientise black people. (Dominelli, 1988) Introduction While keeping the above statement in mind this paper will discuss how assessment can be effective in assessing need and managing risk for all users. It will do this by looking at how problems and conflicts are addressed and in what ways this might be effective for users of mental health services. Assessment Assessment is a process that all users have to undergo in order to determine what services they might be entitled to and how their needs might best be addressed. Social workers who specialise in the area of mental health are bound by the 1995 Act which defines their responsibilities to people with mental or physical disabilities. Disability is defined as a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities (Brayne and Martin, 1999:460). The Human Rights Act of 1998 is phrased in such a manner that local authorities now have a duty to act in ways that are conversant with the Act. Social workers help people with mental health difficulties to deal with the problems that they face. It is the social worker’s duty to help organise care and support for people with physical disabilities, with learning disabilities, and with mental health problems. This duty begins with an assessment of need for services, it is only once such an assessment has taken place that social workers and local authorities will be able to decide whether they can help with that need. In the 1980s the Tory Thatcher Government brought market policies into the health service that included what is known as ‘care in the community’ this meant that large numbers of psychiatric hospitals were closed. This resulted in those who were mentally impaired, along with a small number of psychotic patients being discharged into the community. They did not receive proper treatment and a number of incidents created public unrest. Thus, whenever a social worker makes an assessment for someone with mental health difficulties they have a duty to do so with the concept of also assessing any risk that they feel users might face or that they could pose to society. Under the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act (circular LAC (92) 12 any needs assessment that a social worker undertakes needs to take into account the following: The capacity/incapacity of the person being assessed Their preferences and aspirations Their living situation Any support they might have from relatives and friends Other sources of help With regard to people with mental health problems and with other disabilities, just because local authorities have a duty to find out about such people in their area and offer help, does not depend on a client’s request for services rather it requires the social worker to carry out an assessment of anyone in that group who might be eligible for services (Brayne and Martin, 1999). Once an assessment has been carried out and the client’s needs identified then social workers have a duty to help people with mental health problems obtain the benefits that they are entitled to. The social worker also has a duty to ensure that the client is in accommodation that is suitable to their particular needs. The authority may need to provide extra support to enable a person to continue living in their own home or they may need to arrange a move to residential accommodation or long term hospital care. Thus working with this client group is a large and varied field and social workers ar e faced with a number of different duties in this respect. These duties and responsibilities are further defined under legislation and policy relating to the needs of people with mental and or physical disabilities. A social worker whose clients are in one of the aforementioned groups may find themselves visiting clients in a number of different settings. It may be the client’s home, hospital, residential accommodation, or sometimes at the social worker’s place of employment. Generally the social worker will act as part of a team dealing with a number of different cases and in each one will need to be aware of the general legislative framework as it applies to that particular client group. Social workers are required to write reports on every case that he/she is engaged with. This will then be seen by their supervisor and by the care management team. This helps in addressing client needs and determining a care package. It is also a way of determining whether the social worker has done their job in the best way possible i.e. a way that empowers the service user and gives them some say in the decision making process. This is especially relevant where mental health is concerned as the re has been some speculation as to whether social workers and other mental health professionals deal with service users in ways that are non-prejudicial. Some research tends to suggest that over the last fifteen years those who use mental health services have been treated in a prejudicial way. This is because (and Government debates are also at fault here) this group of users have tended to be defined in terms of the risk they constitute to themselves and the wider society. This is despite all the evidence supporting the view that those with mental health problems are not generally a risk to society. Langow and Lindow (2004) argue that such a concentration on risk means that an individual so defined runs the risk of having decisions concerning their lives taken out of their hands. This is certainly borne out by government policy proposals regarding people who are considered to be a risk to themselves or others. Langow and Lindow (ibid) maintain that this concentration on risk means that social workers and other mental health workers often find it hard to distinguish the reasons why someone may behave in an aggressive manner. Is it due to psychotic behaviour, or is it just that they feel disempowered or feel themselves as having been subject to racial abuse? The danger here is simply to err in favour of the psychosis rather than believing they have to take the risk that someone would not pose a threat to the rest of society. Service users are often not aware that they are being assessed in this way. The fact that staff might consider users to be a risk to others however, could have serious implications for that person’s future. Dilemmas and Conflicts It is not always easy working with people with mental health problems. A social worker may undertake an assessment and then find that the client does not want the help that is on offer. This really can be problematic as the legislation implies that local authorities must make an assessment of needs once mental health problems or disability have been identified. This further implies that they will produce a care package to address those needs. If a client refuses to allow a social worker entry then they are not able to do their job and undertake an assessment or provide services as required by the legal framework. If an assessment is made then the social worker has to try and identify areas where family and friends can help the person. When such arrangements break down and there are no alternatives in place then problems may arise. Thus a person who may previously have been assessed as being able to remain in their own home may later have a need for either supported living (particular ly in the case of people with mental health problems or learning disability) or for residential care. If a person is deemed unfit to live alone or is a problem to others then the social worker has a duty to call in the medical officer of health who then has to obtain an order from the magistrates court. Removal to residential accommodation then involves the social worker in another set of rules as to how the accommodation is financed. This is also pertinent to regular inspection of such accommodation and other welfare services that the client is entitled to. Clearly there are a growing number of legal and policy requirements that a social worker must adhere to when dealing with specific client groups. Mental health is an increasingly problematic area because new regulations are coming up all the time and the wording is not always clear or precise. This means that the social worker’s job can be a minefield as they try to adhere to the needs and wishes of the client and yet remain within the legislative framework. Factors that Promote and Limit Service User Involvement in Decision Making Current debates on the needs and rights of services users show that although there has been a move to ensure individual’s rights to equality of service, some service users still face discrimination. Under these circumstances it is vital that power imbalances between service users and professionals be acknowledged and the contributing factors addressed. Once they come to such an acknowledgement the parties can then work together to minimalise any factors that contribute to the marginalisation and exclusion of some service users (Carr, 2004). Some of these issues might include the fact that there is still a tendency for some professionals to ignore service users’ views or to at least misinterpret them. This means that instead of being enabled through greater user participation, service users may end up feeling further disempowered. Institutional barriers have to be overcome, and the continuing use of professional jargon can also serve to exclude service users from the dec ision making process. Carr (2004) found that service users often saw such gaps as a disempowering and exclusionary factor, but, once aware of this fact, most professionals were more than happy to try to modify their language in order to encourage greater service user participation. It is sometimes very difficult for people with mental health problems to communicate their needs in a way that is fully understood by the professionals trying to assess them. There is a need for different models and levels of participation depending on the service user’s circumstances. Some service users will be so empowered by participation that they will go on to be involved in how services are delivered, still others are not able to be truly involved at any recognisable level without the intervention of a third person. Thus advocacy is an important element of lower levels of service user participation. An advocate can help to empower people because service users will then have someone who is impartial, who can inform them as to what is available in terms of services and support and who will promote their best interests among other professionals and make sure that their wishes are made known. Carr (2004) notes that the service user movement has been instrumental in promoting the rights of people’s entitlement to as ordinary way of life as is possible. People with mental health problems may have multiple and complex needs, nevertheless under the 1998 Human Rights Act, they are entitled to be treated with dignity and local authorities have a duty to abide by the requirements of this Act (Moore, 2002). Conclusion Ethical and effective social work should involve a thorough assessment of the needs of users with mental health problems and a care package that takes their problems and wishes into account. This should be tailored to suit an individual’s needs and there should be room for changes and adjustments if the care package is not to become an imposition (Kerr et al, 2005). Where a person is not fully cognisant of what is happening then anti-oppressive practice should involve the use of an entirely independent advocate. Effective social work is client centred and this is achieved through the social worker’s own reflective practice. If criticisms and accusations of prejudicial attitudes are to be avoided then it might be argued that advocacy, coupled with reflexive and effective social work practice should bring an end to service user disempowerment and become one that assesses need and manages risk in a way that is beneficial for both users and professionals. Bibliography Brayne and Martin 6th ed. 1999 Law for Social Workers London, Blackstone Press Carr, S. 2004 Has Service User Participation Made a Difference to Social Care Services? London, SCIE Department of Health (2002b) Information Strategy for Older People (ISOP)  in England. London: Department of Health Dunning, A. 2005 Information, Advice and Advocacy for Older People York, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Langow and Lindow. 2004. â€Å"Mental health service users and their involvement in risk assessment and management† Findings, Joseph Rowntree Foundation Leason, K. 2005 â€Å"Fear and freedom† Community Care April 14th 2005 p. 32-34 Moore, S. 2002 3rd Edition Social Welfare Alive Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Ruch, G. 2000 â€Å"Self and social work: Towards an integrated model of learning† Journal of Social Work Practice Volume 14, no. 2 November 1st 2000 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 http://www.drc-gb.org/thelaw/thedda.asp http://www.after16.org.uk/pages/law5.html

Pet Microchips :: Animal Microchip Implant

Pet Microchips Many families have had the agonizing experience of losing their beloved pets. Lost dogs, puppies, and cats end up in shelters around the country with no way of contacting an owner. State wide license laws are supposed to aide in returning lost dogs to their owners, but in many cases these laws do not end up working. Many individuals do not follow the law close enough, do not have enough money to pay for a license, or dogs lose their collars or tags. Other families tattoo their dogs, but few shelters make the effort to find such a marking. Identifying microchips implanted just under the skin of a pet are a possible solution to prevent a family pet from being lost forever. There are fewer problems with this microchip identification system in comparison to the traditional laws. One issue is that some of the chips are becoming unable to be read by a shelter without a universal scanner, and shelters do not necessarily have the technology to scan some of the newer chips. Even though there are set backs, the microchips are becoming an increasingly popular technology to aid in locating your lost pet. The microchip is a tiny transponder the size of a grain of uncooked rice. The chip is a permanent radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip implanted under the dog's skin that can be read by a chip scanner or wand. Implantation is done with an injector that places the chip under the loose skin over the dog's shoulder. This is a quick and easy process that can be done by all veterinarians provided they have the right technology to do so. The chip identification number is stored in a tiny transponder that can be read through the dog's skin by a scanner emitting low-frequency radio waves (Woolf 1). The frequency is picked up by a tiny antenna in the transponder, and the number is retrieved, decoded, and displayed in the scanner readout window. The radio waves use a frequency much lower than AM broadcast stations use, and they must be approved by the Federal Communications Commission before they can be marketed (Woolf 1). The chip, antenna, and capacitor are encased in a tiny glass tub e. The tube is composed of soda lime glass, which is known for compatibility with living tissue. The glass is hermetically sealed to keep moisture out. Microchips implanted in 2003 or earlier are generally readable by most shelters and veterinarians, but microchips that came into use in late 2003 are generally not readable by most shelters and veterinarians because the chips require different scanning technology (Common Questions).

The Cruel Transformation in Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus the King

The Cruel Transformation in Oedipus the King      Ã‚   When we look in the mirror, do we see what other people see or do we see what we delude ourselves into believing is the truth?   Self-realization is a complicated concept, one which many Greek dramatists used in order to clarify the themes of their tragedies.   In Oedipus the King, Sophocles ties Oedipus’ journey to self-realization with the main theme of the story.   As Oedipus slowly begins to realize his true self, he transforms from a proud and heroic king into a tyrant in denial into a scared, condemned man, humbled by his tragic fate.      In the beginning, Oedipus is portrayed as a confident, powerful hero.   His bravery and worth are proved when the reader learns how he solved the Sphinx’s riddle.   Even though Oedipus was not a native Theban, he chose to answer the Sphinx’s riddle in spite of her threat of death to anyone who answers incorrectly.   Only a man like Oedipus, a man possessing tremendous self-confidence, could have such courage.   When Oedipus succeeds, freeing the city from the Sphinx's evil reign, he becomes instantly famous and known for his bravery and intelligence.   A temple priest reveals the respect the Thebans have for their king when he tells Oedipus, "You freed us from the ... ...King.† In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1997. Owen, E. T.   â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. Sophocles.   "Oedipus Rex."   An Introduction to Literature, 11th ed. Eds. Sylvan Barnet, et al.   New York: Longman, 1997. Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

snow falling on cedars :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson explores life of Japanese- Americans during the first half of the 21st century on the island of San Pierdro, a small island off the shore of Seattle. The novel opens on the trail of Kabuo Miyamoto in 1954 and focuses on his wife Hastue and the local one-armed reporter Ishmael Chambers. Later in the story Hastue and Ishmael, a white man had a secret romance in high school. Yet after the bombing at Pearl Harbor their lives will change forever. Kabuo and Hastue are forced into internment camps and Ishmael is drafted into war and is forced to fight the Japanese and losses his arm. In the internment camp Hastue is forced to forget her love and marry Kabuo who is ?right for her? because he is the same nationality. After the pains that World War II caused them they come back to San Pierdro, to start their life again. However the pains of World War II and the racial internment shadow their lives. The internment of Japanes e- Americans is not just a stain on the United States Constitution, but on the morals of America. Japanese- Americans suffered several injustices by the federal and local government and by members of their own communities that did not stop at their relocation to the desert. In order to understand the background of the book. I needed to research the attack on Pearl Harbor and other events that lead to the incarceration of American citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the turn of the century the United Stated became to suffer from server upward trends of immigration, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, and Asia. As the American public became more concerned about these unwanted groups moved in greater numbers to America, the federal government under the Woodrow Wilson administrated Congress appointed Senator William Dillingham of Vermont to study the immigration question (Garraty 596). Two years later in 1909 Dillingham bought a 41- volume report that lead to the reducing the immigration in those unwanted regions (596). However this did not stop Asian emigrates from moving their families to the West Coast mainly in large cities like San Francisco and Seattle. Animosity against the Asian immigrants that in the San Francisco school board instituted a policy of segregating Asian children in a special school. Japan protested due to the fact of their hatred toward the Chinese. To keep good relations with the Japanese Presiden t Teddy Roosevelt and leaders for the Japanese made a ?

Representations of China in the Movie the Forbidden Kingdom Essay

The Forbidden Kingdom (Rob Minkoff, 2008)[1] is an American martial arts adventure film co-starred by Jackie Chan and Jet Li. The film tells the story of a Boston boy Jason, who is a big kung fu fan, is given the mission, as a traveler, of returning the staff to the Monkey King so as to free him from the statue in which he has been trapped by the Jade Warlord. With the help of Jackie Chan and Jet Li, Jason not only fulfills his mission in the end by defeating the Jade Warlord, but also masters kung fu and develops to a brave and responsible man. The movie was successful and popular, attracting large audience[2], due to the reason, as far as I see it, that it meets the Western audience’s expectation of China. The movie is full of stereotypes of China and Chinese, reflecting the orientalism’s attitudes from the West, especially from America (both written and directed by Americans) in this case. Orientalism, as studied in Edward Said’s book Orientalism (1978), is an academic term used to â€Å"describe a pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the East, shaped by the attitudes of European imperialism in the 18th and 19th centuries†[3], later adopted by America after the WWâ… ¡.In such a man-made theory, East is depicted as a less-civilized, exotic, brutal and inferior entity to the West, and â€Å"†¦the West is not only deï ¬ ned as the diametrical opposite of the East, but also as its protector and its carer† (Khatib, 2006: 64). What’s more, to the West that the â€Å"†¦Orient is something to be feared or controlled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Khatib, 2006: 65). All these ideas of Orientalism can be sensed or found in the movie The Forbidden Kingdom, which makes this movie a advocator of American Orientalism towards China. The movie begins with a dim, disorganized pawn shop owned by a shaky, weak and old Chinese man Hop, who clings tightly to his money and sells kung fu DVDs to Jason, the boy who is treated and bullied like an alien by his peers because of his enthusiasm towards kung fu. Hop is later attacked by the bullies who forces Jason to lead them to steal money from him. This opening of the story sets the main attitude about China by showing the typical stereotype that white people hold towards Chinese: a totally different Other, whose living style (the messy shop) and traditions (kung fu) are far beyond the understandings of the West, also with the characteristics of being sickly weak and easy to attack or take advantage of, often become the target of violence. When Jason is sent to the ancient China to fulfill his mission, what he experiences also applies to the theory of Orientalism: exotic Chinese water-mountain sceneries, extraordinary and dazzling kung fu skills, brutal killing by the army, vicious women (White-haired Witch), wicked Jade Warlord with darkened eye shadow, submissive women (concubines of Jade Warlord) etc. All of these images give audience an impression that China is an exotic yet less civilized territory, waiting to have her destiny changed by this American boy. As a result, the dominant power over the East (China) of America is subsequently delivered by the screenwriter, i.e. the chaos brought by the Jade Warlord is going to be ceased by the Traveler Jason, rather than someone from China herself, for example, the supreme power of the Heaven, the Emperor. Such plot indicates the attitude that the East (China) is unable to be independent; she needs the West (America) to dominate and have authority over her. The fear of the East from the West can also be easily detected in this movie. The Heaven is temporarily given by the Emperor to the Jade Warlord to govern, which means the whole china is under his control. But his power grows so fast and powerful that, according the American screenwriter, someone from the West needs to suppress this evil rise, and this time, Jason again, the ultimate messenger in this movie to carry out the American’s will in Orientalism. Being far away from China, western people get images of China mainly from what is available in the media. However, what is presented is only small or even misleading information about China. Although Orientalism is viewed as â€Å"false assumptions underlying Western attitudes toward the (Middle) East†[4], it is still applied in media and proved by Western governments nowadays in order to remain the power over the East in spheres of politics, economy and culture. We should hold an alert and critical attitude towards such information, trying to go beyond what is presented, so as to get to know the real image of the East.

Education †Morality Essay

Education is not only cognitive and intellectual learning, and learning of skills and work-related competences. It is much broader to include moral and ethical issues, values, attitudes, religion, spiritualism, art and more. It is, indeed, important to focus on this when education in schools and universities has become a large â€Å"industry† and when the world, instead of becoming more peaceful, seems to be more confrontational than before. The main reason behind this scenario, that I see, is that students are being taught and not trained and also the fact that teachers do not have any target for teaching instead they teach for the pay they get and sincerity with the profession is waning very fast. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM The educational system that I see should be one that suits all the citizens of the country. It should consider the cultural, ethical, moral, religious and economical norms of the society and should produce respectable and responsible citizens for the society as a whole and a dignified and confident person. |This point arises due to the fact that every country consists of multi-cultural and multi ethical societies with different religious and economic backgrounds. Thus the system should have contents that may not hurt the morals and values of any person and also produce effective results that can be calculated as per the prosperity of that particular society or country as a whole. PURPOSE OF EDUCATION The foundation of our work as educators is moral and ethical education. We must teach the right values and the right ways of analyzing issues. We must seek what is true and act accordingly. Part of that is to learn that we are all responsible for our own attitudes, decisions and actions. We must use education to foster equality between sexes, classes, people of different geographic areas, creeds, colors, cultures and religions. We must learn to understand the importance of solidarity among groups at home and across the borders in order to create peace, development and prosperity. Besides this we are also imparted with the responsibility of teaching science, commerce and arts subjects to the students using latest techniques, information and research to enable our students to prepare themselves to be a productive part of the society and compete with the world in the respective fields of their study. Major areas that a teacher may address are as follows: 1. To help students gain literacy: This is supposed to be the top most priority as if a student is literate he or she may mold in any society and get adapted to its culture and norms without losing its own. 2. To enable students to use and enjoy their learning experiences: Here a student gets in hand expertise to use what it learned during the schooling period to better their social and personal life in a given environment. 3. To teach students to believe and respect others, to contribute to the well-being of their community: A learned person better knows whom to respect and whom not too, who deserves to be valued and who does not, and gets bold enough to express its feelings in a dignified and respectful way in the society. He is able to distinguish between duties bestowed upon him by the community and tries to serve the community within available resources. 4. To give students the opportunity to learn how to inquire and discover new information: When a student learns through experimentation and reasoning he tries to use the same technique throughout his life and does not accepts all and sundry information without analyzing it. 5. To help students develop broader understandings of new information: This enables a student understand and characterize given information and then apply it in his daily life. 6. To help students develop the skills and values they will need to function in a free and just society: Last but not the least it makes sure that a student is made aware of the morals and values of religion and society and to act accordingly not hurting any ones feelings and making progress accordingly in the society individually and as a community as a whole. In the process of enabling the students to get all the above qualities they are supposed to be taught different subjects but should be encompassed under the umbrella of a just religion and that is Islam not because we live in the Islamic Republic Of Pakistan but due to the fact that Islam is the only religion that addresses to all the matters discussed with command and covers all the topics amicably, may it be the moral, cultural, and or ethical values or upbringing, or the contemporary studies of science, commerce and arts. Reference: 1. http://www. intime. uni. edu 2. www. nation. com. pk †º Columns.

Lighthouse of Alexandria

The upper platform at night burning a fire fed with wood and resin. Legend has it that Stratton sought for a long time for the foundation, a material that resists salt water, and finally built the tower of giant blocks of glass. In 1373 an earthquake destroyed the remains of the tower. Its ruins have been searched in vain. (Dunn). Illustrious memory of that great era was for many centuries, the famous lighthouse of Alexandria. Sailing near the coast, on foggy days and at night, made necessary the placement of large permanent fixtures In certain ports and cables on the Mediterranean coast.At the time the deal Is for Just one of the most Important works of the ancients, considered In those days as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. I mean the great lighthouse of Alexandria. It seems that this name should be the beacon of the small island where they raised at the entrance of the harbor, and later served to name the sites and devices that have since been constructed for the same purp ose. Plink and other ancient authors describe the magnificent building which was built northwest of the island of Pharaohs, during the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphia, n the years 285 to 247 SC.Its builder was Stratton of Census, son of DimГ ¶crates, who, in turn, had been an architect of Alexander. (Ministry of culture). On a large block of glass is not attacked by the sea â€Å", there stood a white marble tower, divided into smaller and smaller bodies to reach the 160 meters [Dries speaks of 55 to 65 meters; others raise It to 183]. (Ashman). At the top was a large brazier, 11th day and night, with a kind of lens-shaped mirror, which was put before the call to send light rays to greater distance.In the basement of the great work you read the Inscription: Stratton of Census, son of DimГ ¶crates, the saviors, for those who sail the sea. The Arabs continued to use the famous lighthouse after conquering Egypt in the ninth century of our era. An emperor of Constantinople, t o hinder the navigation of those, decided to destroy it, but, lacking the strength to oppose against the caliph, owner of the country, went to the craft. He sent an emissary to the powerful AY-Wald, with the slogan of thinking it was a great treasure at the base of the very high tower.The caliph ordered its demolition, until, warned, perhaps, misleading, destructive work was suspended when she had done for the most part. An earthquake happened in 1375 consummated the destruction of the wonderful work due to Stratton of Unkind. (A. CalmNZ-Land). As If sensing that something was coming to an end, Alexandria kept the world's largest library, a library that tried to preserve â€Å"that was his ambition, all human knowledge. Next to It and above It stood the lighthouse. Next to the lighthouse were the markets and docks and warehouses.Alongside them, the tomb AT Alexander, rater ten palaces AT Kilns Ana queens slang, ten world's TLS synagogues, temples of the esoteric sects, the accounti ng of the merchants, brothels and shops, perfect palaces bleached the richest citizens and then rows of large churches, each with rowdy monks and bones of martyrs, and one of them with the relics of the San Marco's. And all this time, the big city, devouring ran as fast as a machine its daily course, and his career was much harder and much farther reaching Han many older cities.In his day, and if the day was very long, Alexandria was the most exciting place on earth. (Clement) Of all the cities that Alexander founded Alexandria in Egypt was the greatest of all (Whiten). As Caesar himself wrote (and Caesar fought and nearly died in Alexandria), Egypt was the door of the lighthouse beacon that soars and was the symbol of commerce and energy of the city, and also the symbol of the seizure order Alexandra urban planted throughout the ancient East. Noon and Elizabeth Roomer)